Топик "Знаменитые люди: Исаак Ньютон" (Famous people: Isaac Newton). Биография исаака ньютона на английском языке
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Тема по английскому языку: Исаак Ньютон
Топик по английскому языку: Исаак Ньютон (Isaac Newton). Данный текст может быть использован в качестве презентации, проекта, рассказа, эссе, сочинения или сообщения на тему.
Рождение
Исаак Ньютон родился 4 января 1643 в Уолстропе, Линкольншир. Его отец был преуспевающим фермером, но умер за три месяца до его рождения.
Образование
В 1661 он поступил в Кембриджский университет, где заинтересовался математикой, оптикой, физикой и астрономией. В 1665 университет был закрыт из-за эпидемии чумы и Ньютон вернулся домой. Два года, которые он там провел, были чрезвычайно плодотворными. Он сделал три своих знаменитых открытия – открытие дифференциальных исчислений, природы естественного освещения и закона гравитации.
Изобретения
В 1667 Ньютон вернулся в Кембридж, где стал членом колледжа Тринити. Через два года он был назначен вторым профессором математики в Лукасиане. Научное общество обратило свое внимание на Ньютона после его изобретения отражающего телескопа в 1668. В 1672 он стал членом Королевского общества. С середины 1960-х Ньютон провел серию экспериментов о композиции света. Многие люди видели цвета радуги, но только Ньютон показал, что белый свет состоит из них. В 1704 Ньютон издал «Оптику», которая имела дело со светом и цветом. Он также изучал и публиковал произведения по истории, теологии и алхимии.
Величайшая работа
В 1687 Ньютон издал свою величайшую работу «Математические принципы естественной философии», которая показала, как притяжение применимо ко всем объектам во всех частях вселенной.
Работа при дворе
Ньютон был избран членом Парламента Кембриджского университета в 1689. Затем, в 1696 он был назначен смотрителем Королевского монетного двора. Он исполнял свои обязанности при дворе очень серьезно и выступал против коррупции и неэффективности внутри организации. В 1703 он был избран президентом Королевского общества, этот пост он удерживал до смерти.
Смерть
К началу 1700 Исаак Ньютон был главной фигурой в британской и европейской науке. Он умер 31 марта 1727 и был похоронен в Вестминстерском аббатстве.
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Isaac Newton
Birth
Isaac Newton was born on 4 January 1643 in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire. His father was a prosperous farmer, who died three months before Newton was born.
Education
In 1661, he went to Cambridge University where he became interested in mathematics, optics, physics and astronomy. In October 1665 the university was closed because of a plague epidemic and Newton returned home. The two years he spent there were an extremely fruitful time: he made his three great discoveries - the discoveries of the differential calculus, of the nature of white light, and of the law of gravitation.
Inventions
In 1667, Newton returned to Cambridge, where he became a fellow of Trinity College. Two years later he was appointed second Lucasian professor of mathematics. The attention of the scientific community was drawn to Newton after his invention of the reflecting telescope in 1668. In 1672 he was made a fellow of the Royal Society. From the mid-1660s, Newton conducted a series of experiments on the composition of light. Many people saw colours of a rainbow but only Newton showed that white light consisted of these colours. In 1704, Newton published ‘The Opticks’ which dealt with light and colour. He also studied and published works on history, theology and alchemy.
His greatest work
In 1687 Newton published his greatest work “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”, which showed how a universal force, gravity, applied to all objects in all parts of the universe.
Royal Society
Newton was elected Member of Parliament for Cambridge University in 1689. Then, in 1696 he was appointed warden of the Royal Mint. He took his duties at the Mint very seriously and campaigned against corruption and inefficiency within the organisation. In 1703, he was elected president of the Royal Society, an office he held until his death.
Death
By the early 1700s Isaac Newton was the dominant figure in British and European science. He died on 31 March 1727 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
SHIRLEY GRIFFITH:
This is Shirley Griffith.
Я Ширли Гриффит.
And this is Steve Ember with the VOA Special English program, Explorations. Today we tell about one of the world"s greatest scientists, Isaac Newton.
А я Стив Эмбер с программой "Пути в неведомое" из материалов VOA Special English. Сегодня мы расскажем об Исааке Ньютоне, одном из величайших учёных мира.
(MUSIC)
SHIRLEY GRIFFITH:
Much of today"s science of physics is based on Newton"s discovery of the three laws of motion and his theory of gravity. Newton also developed one of the most powerful tools of mathematics. It is the method we call calculus.
Современная физика во многом основана на открытых Ньютоном трёх законах движения и его теории гравитации. Также Ньютон разработал один из мощнейших разделов математики. Мы называем его методом исчисления бесконечно малых (величин).
Late in his life, Newton said of his work: "If I saw further than other men, it was because I stood on the shoulders of giants."
На закате жизни Ньютон так говорил о своей работе: "Если я видел дальше других людей, то это потому, что я стоял на плечах гигантов".
One of those giants was the great Italian scientist, Galileo. Galileo died the same year Newton was born. Another of the giants was the Polish scientist Nicholas Copernicus. He lived a hundred years before Newton.
Одним из этих гигантов был итальянский учёный Галилео Галилей. Галилео умер в год рождения Ньютона. Другим гигантом был польский учёный Николай Коперник. Он жил за сто лет до Ньютона.
Copernicus had begun a scientific revolution. It led to a completely new understanding of how the universe worked. Galileo continued and expanded the work of Copernicus.
Коперник начал научную революцию. Она привела к совершенно новому пониманию устройства Вселенной. Галилео продолжил и расширил учение Коперника.
Isaac Newton built on the ideas of these two scientists and others. He found and proved the answers for which they searched.
Исаак Ньютон исходил из идей этих двух учёных, а также других учёных. Он нашёл и доказал ответы на поставленные ими вопросы.
(MUSIC)
SHIRLEY GRIFFITH:
Isaac Newton was born in Woolsthorpe, England, on December twenty-fifth, sixteen forty-two.
He was born early. He was a small baby and very weak. No one expected him to survive. But he surprised everyone. He had one of the most powerful minds in history. And he lived until he was eighty-four.
Родился недоношенным. Это был маленький и очень слабый ребёнок. Никто не думал, что он выживет. Но он удивил всех. Это был один из самых мощных умов в истории. И он дожил до 84 лет.
Newton"s father died before he was born. His mother married again a few years later. She left Isaac with his grandmother.
Отец Ньютона умер ещё до его рождения. Мать через несколько лет вновь вышла замуж. Она оставила Исаака с бабушкой.
The boy was not a good student. Yet he liked to make things, such as kites and clocks and simple machines.
Мальчик учился неважно. Однако любил мастерить, делал воздушных змеев, часы и простые механизмы.
Newton also enjoyed finding new ways to answer questions or solve problems. As a boy, for example, he decided to find a way to measure the speed of the wind.
Ещё Ньютон любил находить новые ответы на вопросы и новые решения задач. Например, ещё мальчиком он решил найти способ измерения скорости ветра.
On a windy day, he measured how far he could jump with the wind at his back. Then he measured how far he could jump with the wind in his face. From the difference between the two jumps, he made his own measure of the strength of the wind.
В ветреный день он решил замерить длину своего прыжка, когда ветер дул ему в спину. Затем замерил длину прыжка при ветре, бьющем в лицо. Из разницы длин двух прыжков он измерил силу ветра.
Strangely, Newton became a much better student after a boy kicked him in the stomach.
Как ни странно, Ньютон стал лучше учиться после того, как какой-то мальчишка ударил его ногой в живот.
The boy was one of the best students in the school. Newton decided to get even by getting higher marks than the boy who kicked him. In a short time, Newton became the top student at the school.
SHIRLEY GRIFFITH:
Newton left school to help on the family farm.
Ньютон бросил школу и начал помогать на семейной ферме.
It soon became clear, however, that the boy was not a good farmer. He spent his time solving mathematical problems, instead of taking care of the crops. He spent hours visiting a bookstore in town, instead of selling his vegetables in the market.
Однако вскоре стало ясно, что мальчик неважный фермер. Он проводил время за решением математических задач вместо того, чтобы заботиться о посевах. Долгие часы он проводил в книжном магазине в городе вместо того, чтобы продавать на рынке овощи.
An uncle decided that Newton would do better as a student than as a farmer. So he helped the young man enter Cambridge University to study mathematics.
Его дядя решил, что лучше ему стать учёным, а не фермером. И он помог молодому человеку поступить в Кембриджский университет, чтобы изучать математику.
Newton completed his university studies five years later, in sixteen sixty-five. He was twenty-two years old.
Через 5 лет, в 1665 году Ньютон закончил университет. Ему было 22 года.
(MUSIC)
STEVE EMBER:
At that time, a deadly plague was spreading across England. To escape the disease, Newton returned to the family farm. He did more thinking than farming. In doing so, he found the answers to some of the greatest mysteries of science.
В то время по всей Англии распространялась чума (смертоносный мор). Чтобы избежать болезни, Ньютон вернулся на семейную ферму. Он больше предавался размышлениям, чем фермерству. При этом он нашёл ответ на одну из величайших загадок науки.
Newton used his great skill in mathematics to form a better understanding of the world and the universe. He used methods he had learned as a boy in making things. He experimented. Then he studied the results and used what he had learned to design new experiments.
Используя свой талант математика, Ньютон достиг лучшего понимания нашего мира и всей Вселенной. Он пользовался навыками, которые получил в детстве, мастеря разные вещи. Он проводил опыты. Затем он изучал результаты своих опытов и планировал новые опыты, исходя из полученных знаний.
Newton"s work led him to create a new method in mathematics for measuring areas curved in shape. He also used it to find how much material was contained in solid objects. The method he created became known as integral calculus.
Работы Ньютона привели к созданию нового математического метода измерения площадей фигур с искривлённой границей. Он также использовал этот метод для определения массы твёрдых тел. Созданный им метод получил название интегрального исчисления.
SHIRLEY GRIFFITH:
One day, sitting in the garden, Newton watched an apple fall from a tree. He began to wonder if the same force that pulled the apple down also kept the moon circling the Earth. Newton believed it was. And he believed it could be measured.
Однажды, сидя в саду, Ньютон увидел, как с яблони падает яблоко. Он задумался, не та же самая сила, которая притягивает яблоко, также заставляет Луну вращаться вокруг Земли. Ньютон считал, что та же самая. И верил, что сможет её измерить.
He called the force "gravity." He began to examine it carefully.
Он назвал эту силу "силой гравитационного притяжения". Он начал внимательно её изучать.
He decided that the strength of the force keeping a planet in orbit around the sun depended on two things. One was the amount of mass in the planet and the sun. The other was how far apart they were.
Он решил, что величина силы, удерживающей планету на орбите, зависит от двух вещей. Первое - величина массы планеты и солнца. Второе - расстояние между ними.
Newton was able to find the exact relationship between distance and gravity. He multiplied the mass of one space object by the mass of the other. Then he divided that number by the square of their distance apart. The result was the strength of the gravity force that tied them to each other.
Ньютону удалось найти точное соотношение между расстоянием и силой гравитационного притяжения. Он перемножил массы двух объектов. Затем разделил результат на квадрат расстояния. И получилась величина силы притяжения между двумя объектами.
Newton proved his idea by measuring how much gravity force would be needed to keep the moon orbiting the Earth. Then he measured the mass of the Earth and the moon, and the distance between them. He found that his measurement of the gravity force produced was not the same as the force needed. But the numbers were close.
Ньютон доказал эту идею, измерив силу гравитации, необходимую для удержания Луны на орбите Земли. Затем он измерил массы Земли и Луны и расстояние между ними. Он обнаружил, что полученное им значение силы отличалось от величины необходимой силы (для удержания Луны на орбите). Но они были близки.
Newton did not tell anyone about his discovery. He put it aside to work on other ideas.
Ньютон никому не сказал о своём открытии. Он отложил его в сторону и занялся другими идеями.
Later, with correct measurements of the size of the Earth, he found that the numbers were exactly the same.
Позже, после уточнения размеров Земли, он обнаружил, что значения сил точно совпадают.
SHIRLEY GRIFFITH:
Newton spent time studying light and colors. He used a three-sided piece of glass called a prism.
Ньютон уделял время изучению света и цвета. Он использовал трёхгранный кусок стекла, называемый призмой.
He sent a beam of sunlight through the prism. It fell on a white surface. The prism separated the beam of sunlight into the colors of a rainbow. Newton believed that all these colors - mixed together in light - produced the color white. He proved this by letting the beam of rainbow-colored light pass through another prism. This changed the colored light back to white light.
Он пропустил луч света через призму. Луч упал на белую поверхность. Призма разделила солнечный луч на цвета радуги. Ньютон решил, что все эти цвета, смешавшись, и дают белый цвет. Он доказал это, пропустив через другую призму лучи из всех цветов радуги. И окрашенные цвета слились в белый цвет.
Newton"s study of light led him to learn why faraway objects seen through a telescope do not seem sharp and clear. The curved glass lenses at each end of the telescope acted like prisms. They produced a circle of colored light around an object. This created an unclear picture.
Изучение света позволило Ньютону понять, почему удалённые объекты в телескопе видятся размытыми, нечёткими. Изогнутые стеклянные линзы на концах телескопа действовали как призмы. Они создавали вокруг объекта круг из окрашенного цвета. Поэтому изображение становилось нечётким.
A few years later, Newton built a different kind of telescope. It used a curved mirror to make faraway objects seem larger.
Через несколько лет Ньютон создал другой телескоп. Он использовал искривлённое зеркало, чтобы удалённые объекты казались больше.
Light reflected from the surface of the mirror, instead of passing through a curved glass lens. Newton"s reflecting telescope produced much clearer pictures than the old kind of telescope.
Свет отражался от поверхности зеркала, а не проходил через изогнутую стеклянную линзу. В отражательном телескопе Ньютона изображение получалось намного чётче, чем в телескопах старого типа.
(MUSIC)
SHIRLEY GRIFFITH:
Years later, the British astronomer Edmund Halley visited Newton. He said he wanted Newton"s help in finding an answer to a problem no one had been able to solve. The question was this: What is the path of a planet going around the sun?
Спустя много лет в гостях у Ньютона побывал британский астроном Эдмунд Галлей. Он сказал, что ему нужна помощь Ньютона в решении одной задачи, которую никто не мог решить. Вопрос задачи таков: какова форма орбиты планеты, вращающейся вокруг Солнца?
Newton immediately gave Halley the answer: an egg-shaped path called an ellipse.
Ньютон немедленно дал Галлею ответ: это эллипс, яйцевидная орбита.
Halley was surprised. He asked for Newton"s proof. Newton no longer had the papers from his earlier work. He was able to recreate them, however. He showed them to Halley. He also showed Halley all his other scientific work.
Галлей был удивлён. Он попросил от Ньютона доказательств. Прежние работы у Ньютона не сохранились. Однако он смог восстановить их. Он показал их Галлею. Также он показал ему и все свои другие научные труды.
Newton, one of the greatest scientists of all times was born in 1642 in the little village in Lincolnshire, England. His father was a farmer and died before Newton was born. His mother was a clever woman whom he always loved.
After the school, Newton studied mathematics at Cambridge university and received his degree in 1665. Then the university was closed because of the danger of plague and Newton went home for eighteen months. It was most important period in his life when he made his three great discoveries - the discoveries of the differential calculuses, of the nature of white light, and of the law of gravitation.
These discoveries are still important for the modern science. Newton had always been interested in the problems of light. Many people saw colours of a rainbow but only Newton showed, by his experiments, that white light consists of these colours.
It is interesting how he discovered the law gravitation. Once, as he sat at the garden, his attention was drawn by the fall of an apple. Many people saw such an usual thing before.
But it was Newton who asked himself a question: "Why does that apple fall perpendicularly to the ground? Why doesn"t it go sidewards or upwards?" The answer to this question was the theory of gravitation, discovered by Newton.
Newton died at the age of 84, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, where his monument stands today.
Исаак Ньютон
Ньютон, один из величайших ученых всех времен, родился в 1642 году в маленькой деревеньке в графстве, Линкольншир в Англии. Его отец был фермером и умер, прежде чем родился Ньютон. Его мать была умной женщиной, которую он всегда любил.
После школы Ньютон изучал математику в Кембриджском университете и в 1665 году получил ученую степень. Затем университет закрылся из-за угрозы чумы, и Ньютон уехал домой на полтора года. Это был самый важный период в его жизни, когда он сделал три великих открытия - открытие дифференциального исчисления, природы белого света и закона всемирного тяготения.
Эти открытия все еще важны для современной науки. Ньютон всегда интересовался проблемами света. Многие видели цвета радуги, но только Ньютон в результате своих экспериментов доказал, что белый свет состоит из этих цветов.
Любопытно то, как он открыл закон всемирного тяготения. Однажды, когда он сидел в саду, его внимание привлекло падение яблока. Многие люди видели это обыкновенное явление прежде.
Но именно Ньютон спросил себя: "Почему яблоко падает перпендикулярно земле? Почему оно не летит в сторону или вверх?" Ответом на этот вопрос стала теория гравитации.
Ньютон умер в возрасте 84 лет и был похоронен в Вестминстерском аббатстве, где и находится сейчас памятник в его честь
Isaac Newton was one of the world’s greatest scientists. He did research in mathematics, physics, astronomy and many other fields.
Newton was born in 1642. He worked on his family’s farm but was not really interested in farming. His father died before Isaac was born. In his childhood he spent much time with his grandmother. Newton didn’t have many friends and never married.
Newton did most of his scientific work at Cambridge, where he was a professor for many years. Although some other scientists criticized his work, he was admired throughout Europe. Queen Anne made Newton a knight. He died in 1727 and was buried at Westminster Abbey in London.
Isaac Newton was very ambitious young scientist who carried out his experiments very accurately. His main theory was that everything in nature could be explained through mathematics. Not all scientists had the same opinion.
Newton was an astronomer, who studied the Earth, the planets and stars. He became well-known for theories of gravity, in which he claimed that all objects of the universe have a gravitational force that pulled other objects towards them. An apple is pulled to the Earth’s surface just like the Earth is being pulled towards the sun. He also showed that planets move around the sun in ellipses. His theory of gravity dominated physics for some time.
He also conducted experiments with light and found out that normal light is made up of many colors. He used prisms to break up light into a rainbow of colors. Newton invented a new kind of telescope that used lenses. It made objects look bigger.
In his book “The Mathematical Principles” Newton describes the three laws of motion:
– Every moving object keeps moving until something stops it. An object that lies on the ground continues to lie there until a force sets it in motion.
– Acceleration happens when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass the more force must be applied to move the object. For example, you need more force to push a car than you need to push a bike.
– For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. A rocket, for example, pushes down on the ground with its engines; the opposite action moves the rocket into the sky.
These principles were very difficult to understand at that time. Only few people really knew what Newton meant.
Newton also devoted a great deal of his life to alchemy. He studied it closely and believed that he was a special person who had magic powers and secret wisdom to change substances and objects. Newton wanted to keep these studies to himself; therefore he did not publish any of his alchemist works. At that time alchemy was a much-discussed topic that not everyone accepted.
Although Newton was one of the great scientists of his time, he based his work on the discoveries of Galileo and other scientists who lived before him. Scientists of following generations admired Newton’s work. Albert Einstein, 20th century scientist, thought highly of Newton’s work although his theory of general relativity moved away from his ideas.
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Исаак Ньютон биография на английском известного ученого поможет составить рассказ о нем.
Ньютон биография на английском
Isaac Newton was born in the county of Lincolnshire, England in 1643. His father died just months before he was born, and when he was three years old, his mother left him in the care of his grandmother. Isaac was always a top student, and went off to the University of Cambridge at age 19. While at Cambridge, Newton was influenced by the writings of Galileo, Nicholas Copernicus, and Johannes Kepler. By 1665, Newton began developing a mathematical theory that would lead to the development of calculus, one of the fundamental branches of mathematics. Newton would go on to discover other important math theories such as Newton’s Identities, and Newton’s Method.
In 1670, Newton moved on to the study of optics and developed theories relating to the composition of white light and the spectrum of colors. In one of his famous experiments, he refracted white light with a prism, resolving it into its constituent colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. As a result of his experiments, he developed Newton’s Theory of Color, which claimed that objects appear certain colors because they absorb and reflect different amounts of light. Newton was the first scientist to maintain that color was determined solely by light, and his findings created much controversy. Most scientists thought that prisms colored light. Nevertheless, Newton then created the world’s first color wheel, which arranged different colors around the circumference of a circle. He is also credited as the first scientist to explain the formation of a rainbow – from water droplets dispersed in the atmosphere. In 1679, Newton continued his work on gravitation and its effects on the planets. In 1687, he published Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. In this landmark work, Newton explained his three laws of motion, which included his theory on gravity. According to Newton, gravity is the reason that objects fall to the ground when dropped. Moreover, gravity is the reason why planets orbit the sun, while moons orbit planets, and why ocean tides exist. Newton’s theories remain among the most important concepts in the history of science. There is some evidence that Newton’s ideas concerning gravity were inspired by apples falling from trees. There is no evidence to suggest, however, that any of the apples hit him in the head (as cartoons and fables suggest). Below are Newton’s three laws of motion: Newton’s First Law (Law of Inertia) states that an object at rest tends to stay at rest and that an object in uniform motion tends to stay in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.Newton’s Second Law states that an applied force on an object equals the time rate of change of its momentum. Newton’s Third Law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Following the publication of his work, Newton became instantly famous throughout Europe. In the later years of his life he wrote several articles on interpretation of the bible. He was also appointed a member of the British Parliament and spent many years reforming the Royal Mint (coin making agency of Parliament). He died on March 20, 1727.
isaac newton short biography
Isaac Newton one of the greatest men in the history of science was born in a little village in the middle of the 17th century. He studded math at Cambridge University. Newton’s contribution to physics astronomy and math is so great that, he may be considered the founder of the mordent mathematics and physics. He discovered the law of motion and the universal law of gravitation. He studded the nature of light and colour and came to the conclusion that white colour consists of many different colours known as spectrum. He died when he was 84 and was burred at Westminster Abbey.
